Struct bevy :: math :: f32 :: Vec3 Copy item path

impl Vec3

pub const ZERO: Vec3 = _

All zeroes.

pub const ONE: Vec3 = _

All ones.

pub const NEG_ONE: Vec3 = _

All negative ones.

pub const MIN: Vec3 = _

All f32::MIN.

pub const MAX: Vec3 = _

All f32::MAX.

pub const NAN: Vec3 = _

All f32::NAN.

pub const INFINITY: Vec3 = _

All f32::INFINITY.

pub const NEG_INFINITY: Vec3 = _

All f32::NEG_INFINITY.

pub const X: Vec3 = _

A unit vector pointing along the positive X axis.

pub const Y: Vec3 = _

A unit vector pointing along the positive Y axis.

pub const Z: Vec3 = _

A unit vector pointing along the positive Z axis.

pub const NEG_X: Vec3 = _

A unit vector pointing along the negative X axis.

pub const NEG_Y: Vec3 = _

A unit vector pointing along the negative Y axis.

pub const NEG_Z: Vec3 = _

A unit vector pointing along the negative Z axis.

pub const AXES: [Vec3; 3] = _

The unit axes.

pub const fn new(x: f32, y: f32, z: f32) -> Vec3

Creates a new vector.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/games/breakout.rs (line 22)

const BALL_STARTING_POSITION: Vec3 = Vec3::new(0.0, -50.0, 1.0);
const BALL_DIAMETER: f32 = 30.;
const BALL_SPEED: f32 = 400.0;
const INITIAL_BALL_DIRECTION: Vec2 = Vec2::new(0.5, -0.5);

const WALL_THICKNESS: f32 = 10.0;
// x coordinates
const LEFT_WALL: f32 = -450.;
const RIGHT_WALL: f32 = 450.;
// y coordinates
const BOTTOM_WALL: f32 = -300.;
const TOP_WALL: f32 = 300.;

const BRICK_SIZE: Vec2 = Vec2::new(100., 30.);
// These values are exact
const GAP_BETWEEN_PADDLE_AND_BRICKS: f32 = 270.0;
const GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS: f32 = 5.0;
// These values are lower bounds, as the number of bricks is computed
const GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS_AND_CEILING: f32 = 20.0;
const GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS_AND_SIDES: f32 = 20.0;

const SCOREBOARD_FONT_SIZE: f32 = 40.0;
const SCOREBOARD_TEXT_PADDING: Val = Val::Px(5.0);

const BACKGROUND_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(0.9, 0.9, 0.9);
const PADDLE_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(0.3, 0.3, 0.7);
const BALL_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(1.0, 0.5, 0.5);
const BRICK_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(0.5, 0.5, 1.0);
const WALL_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8);
const TEXT_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(0.5, 0.5, 1.0);
const SCORE_COLOR: Color = Color::srgb(1.0, 0.5, 0.5);

fn main() {
    App::new()
        .add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
        .add_plugins(
            stepping::SteppingPlugin::default()
                .add_schedule(Update)
                .add_schedule(FixedUpdate)
                .at(Val::Percent(35.0), Val::Percent(50.0)),
        )
        .insert_resource(Score(0))
        .insert_resource(ClearColor(BACKGROUND_COLOR))
        .add_event::<CollisionEvent>()
        .add_systems(Startup, setup)
        // Add our gameplay simulation systems to the fixed timestep schedule
        // which runs at 64 Hz by default
        .add_systems(
            FixedUpdate,
            (
                apply_velocity,
                move_paddle,
                check_for_collisions,
                play_collision_sound,
            )
                // `chain`ing systems together runs them in order
                .chain(),
        )
        .add_systems(Update, update_scoreboard)
        .run();
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Paddle;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Ball;

#[derive(Component, Deref, DerefMut)]
struct Velocity(Vec2);

#[derive(Component)]
struct Collider;

#[derive(Event, Default)]
struct CollisionEvent;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Brick;

#[derive(Resource, Deref)]
struct CollisionSound(Handle<AudioSource>);

// This bundle is a collection of the components that define a "wall" in our game
#[derive(Bundle)]
struct WallBundle {
    // You can nest bundles inside of other bundles like this
    // Allowing you to compose their functionality
    sprite_bundle: SpriteBundle,
    collider: Collider,
}

/// Which side of the arena is this wall located on?
enum WallLocation {
    Left,
    Right,
    Bottom,
    Top,
}

impl WallLocation {
    /// Location of the *center* of the wall, used in `transform.translation()`
    fn position(&self) -> Vec2 {
        match self {
            WallLocation::Left => Vec2::new(LEFT_WALL, 0.),
            WallLocation::Right => Vec2::new(RIGHT_WALL, 0.),
            WallLocation::Bottom => Vec2::new(0., BOTTOM_WALL),
            WallLocation::Top => Vec2::new(0., TOP_WALL),
        }
    }

    /// (x, y) dimensions of the wall, used in `transform.scale()`
    fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
        let arena_height = TOP_WALL - BOTTOM_WALL;
        let arena_width = RIGHT_WALL - LEFT_WALL;
        // Make sure we haven't messed up our constants
        assert!(arena_height > 0.0);
        assert!(arena_width > 0.0);

        match self {
            WallLocation::Left | WallLocation::Right => {
                Vec2::new(WALL_THICKNESS, arena_height + WALL_THICKNESS)
            }
            WallLocation::Bottom | WallLocation::Top => {
                Vec2::new(arena_width + WALL_THICKNESS, WALL_THICKNESS)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl WallBundle {
    // This "builder method" allows us to reuse logic across our wall entities,
    // making our code easier to read and less prone to bugs when we change the logic
    fn new(location: WallLocation) -> WallBundle {
        WallBundle {
            sprite_bundle: SpriteBundle {
                transform: Transform {
                    // We need to convert our Vec2 into a Vec3, by giving it a z-coordinate
                    // This is used to determine the order of our sprites
                    translation: location.position().extend(0.0),
                    // The z-scale of 2D objects must always be 1.0,
                    // or their ordering will be affected in surprising ways.
                    // See https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/issues/4149
                    scale: location.size().extend(1.0),
                    ..default()
                },
                sprite: Sprite {
                    color: WALL_COLOR,
                    ..default()
                },
                ..default()
            },
            collider: Collider,
        }
    }
}

// This resource tracks the game's score
#[derive(Resource, Deref, DerefMut)]
struct Score(usize);

#[derive(Component)]
struct ScoreboardUi;

// Add the game's entities to our world
fn setup(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<ColorMaterial>>,
    asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
) {
    // Camera
    commands.spawn(Camera2dBundle::default());

    // Sound
    let ball_collision_sound = asset_server.load("sounds/breakout_collision.ogg");
    commands.insert_resource(CollisionSound(ball_collision_sound));

    // Paddle
    let paddle_y = BOTTOM_WALL + GAP_BETWEEN_PADDLE_AND_FLOOR;

    commands.spawn((
        SpriteBundle {
            transform: Transform {
                translation: Vec3::new(0.0, paddle_y, 0.0),
                scale: PADDLE_SIZE.extend(1.0),
                ..default()
            },
            sprite: Sprite {
                color: PADDLE_COLOR,
                ..default()
            },
            ..default()
        },
        Paddle,
        Collider,
    ));

    // Ball
    commands.spawn((
        MaterialMesh2dBundle {
            mesh: meshes.add(Circle::default()).into(),
            material: materials.add(BALL_COLOR),
            transform: Transform::from_translation(BALL_STARTING_POSITION)
                .with_scale(Vec2::splat(BALL_DIAMETER).extend(1.)),
            ..default()
        },
        Ball,
        Velocity(INITIAL_BALL_DIRECTION.normalize() * BALL_SPEED),
    ));

    // Scoreboard
    commands.spawn((
        ScoreboardUi,
        TextBundle::from_sections([
            TextSection::new(
                "Score: ",
                TextStyle {
                    font_size: SCOREBOARD_FONT_SIZE,
                    color: TEXT_COLOR,
                    ..default()
                },
            ),
            TextSection::from_style(TextStyle {
                font_size: SCOREBOARD_FONT_SIZE,
                color: SCORE_COLOR,
                ..default()
            }),
        ])
        .with_style(Style {
            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
            top: SCOREBOARD_TEXT_PADDING,
            left: SCOREBOARD_TEXT_PADDING,
            ..default()
        }),
    ));

    // Walls
    commands.spawn(WallBundle::new(WallLocation::Left));
    commands.spawn(WallBundle::new(WallLocation::Right));
    commands.spawn(WallBundle::new(WallLocation::Bottom));
    commands.spawn(WallBundle::new(WallLocation::Top));

    // Bricks
    let total_width_of_bricks = (RIGHT_WALL - LEFT_WALL) - 2. * GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS_AND_SIDES;
    let bottom_edge_of_bricks = paddle_y + GAP_BETWEEN_PADDLE_AND_BRICKS;
    let total_height_of_bricks = TOP_WALL - bottom_edge_of_bricks - GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS_AND_CEILING;

    assert!(total_width_of_bricks > 0.0);
    assert!(total_height_of_bricks > 0.0);

    // Given the space available, compute how many rows and columns of bricks we can fit
    let n_columns = (total_width_of_bricks / (BRICK_SIZE.x + GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS)).floor() as usize;
    let n_rows = (total_height_of_bricks / (BRICK_SIZE.y + GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS)).floor() as usize;
    let n_vertical_gaps = n_columns - 1;

    // Because we need to round the number of columns,
    // the space on the top and sides of the bricks only captures a lower bound, not an exact value
    let center_of_bricks = (LEFT_WALL + RIGHT_WALL) / 2.0;
    let left_edge_of_bricks = center_of_bricks
        // Space taken up by the bricks
        - (n_columns as f32 / 2.0 * BRICK_SIZE.x)
        // Space taken up by the gaps
        - n_vertical_gaps as f32 / 2.0 * GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS;

    // In Bevy, the `translation` of an entity describes the center point,
    // not its bottom-left corner
    let offset_x = left_edge_of_bricks + BRICK_SIZE.x / 2.;
    let offset_y = bottom_edge_of_bricks + BRICK_SIZE.y / 2.;

    for row in 0..n_rows {
        for column in 0..n_columns {
            let brick_position = Vec2::new(
                offset_x + column as f32 * (BRICK_SIZE.x + GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS),
                offset_y + row as f32 * (BRICK_SIZE.y + GAP_BETWEEN_BRICKS),
            );

            // brick
            commands.spawn((
                SpriteBundle {
                    sprite: Sprite {
                        color: BRICK_COLOR,
                        ..default()
                    },
                    transform: Transform {
                        translation: brick_position.extend(0.0),
                        scale: Vec3::new(BRICK_SIZE.x, BRICK_SIZE.y, 1.0),
                        ..default()
                    },
                    ..default()
                },
                Brick,
                Collider,
            ));
        }
    }
}

More examples

Hide additional examples

examples/math/render_primitives.rs (line 150)

const CUBOID: Cuboid = Cuboid {
    half_size: Vec3::new(BIG_3D, SMALL_3D, BIG_3D),
};

const CIRCLE: Circle = Circle { radius: BIG_2D };
const SPHERE: Sphere = Sphere { radius: BIG_3D };

const ELLIPSE: Ellipse = Ellipse {
    half_size: Vec2::new(BIG_2D, SMALL_2D),
};

const TRIANGLE: Triangle2d = Triangle2d {
    vertices: [
        Vec2::new(SMALL_2D, 0.0),
        Vec2::new(0.0, SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(-SMALL_2D, 0.0),
    ],
};

const PLANE_2D: Plane2d = Plane2d { normal: Dir2::Y };
const PLANE_3D: Plane3d = Plane3d {
    normal: Dir3::Y,
    half_size: Vec2::new(BIG_3D, BIG_3D),
};

const LINE2D: Line2d = Line2d { direction: Dir2::X };
const LINE3D: Line3d = Line3d { direction: Dir3::X };

const SEGMENT_2D: Segment2d = Segment2d {
    direction: Dir2::X,
    half_length: BIG_2D,
};
const SEGMENT_3D: Segment3d = Segment3d {
    direction: Dir3::X,
    half_length: BIG_3D,
};

const POLYLINE_2D: Polyline2d<4> = Polyline2d {
    vertices: [
        Vec2::new(-BIG_2D, -SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(-SMALL_2D, SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(SMALL_2D, -SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(BIG_2D, SMALL_2D),
    ],
};
const POLYLINE_3D: Polyline3d<4> = Polyline3d {
    vertices: [
        Vec3::new(-BIG_3D, -SMALL_3D, -SMALL_3D),
        Vec3::new(SMALL_3D, SMALL_3D, 0.0),
        Vec3::new(-SMALL_3D, -SMALL_3D, 0.0),
        Vec3::new(BIG_3D, SMALL_3D, SMALL_3D),
    ],
};

const POLYGON_2D: Polygon<5> = Polygon {
    vertices: [
        Vec2::new(-BIG_2D, -SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(BIG_2D, -SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(BIG_2D, SMALL_2D),
        Vec2::new(0.0, 0.0),
        Vec2::new(-BIG_2D, SMALL_2D),
    ],
};

const REGULAR_POLYGON: RegularPolygon = RegularPolygon {
    circumcircle: Circle { radius: BIG_2D },
    sides: 5,
};

const CAPSULE_2D: Capsule2d = Capsule2d {
    radius: SMALL_2D,
    half_length: SMALL_2D,
};
const CAPSULE_3D: Capsule3d = Capsule3d {
    radius: SMALL_3D,
    half_length: SMALL_3D,
};

const CYLINDER: Cylinder = Cylinder {
    radius: SMALL_3D,
    half_height: SMALL_3D,
};

const CONE: Cone = Cone {
    radius: BIG_3D,
    height: BIG_3D,
};

const CONICAL_FRUSTUM: ConicalFrustum = ConicalFrustum {
    radius_top: BIG_3D,
    radius_bottom: SMALL_3D,
    height: BIG_3D,
};

const TORUS: Torus = Torus {
    minor_radius: SMALL_3D / 2.0,
    major_radius: SMALL_3D * 1.5,
};

fn setup_cameras(mut commands: Commands) {
    let start_in_2d = true;
    let make_camera = |is_active| Camera {
        is_active,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    commands.spawn(Camera2dBundle {
        camera: make_camera(start_in_2d),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    commands.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
        camera: make_camera(!start_in_2d),
        transform: Transform::from_xyz(0.0, 10.0, 0.0).looking_at(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Z),
        ..Default::default()
    });
}

fn setup_ambient_light(mut ambient_light: ResMut<AmbientLight>) {
    ambient_light.brightness = 50.0;
}

fn setup_lights(mut commands: Commands) {
    commands.spawn(PointLightBundle {
        point_light: PointLight {
            intensity: 5000.0,
            ..default()
        },
        transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_3D, 2.0, 0.0))
            .looking_at(Vec3::new(-LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_3D, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3::Y),
        ..default()
    });
}

/// Marker component for header text
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Component, Default, Reflect)]
pub struct HeaderText;

/// Marker component for header node
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Component, Default, Reflect)]
pub struct HeaderNode;

fn update_active_cameras(
    state: Res<State<CameraActive>>,
    mut camera_2d: Query<(Entity, &mut Camera), With<Camera2d>>,
    mut camera_3d: Query<(Entity, &mut Camera), (With<Camera3d>, Without<Camera2d>)>,
    mut text: Query<&mut TargetCamera, With<HeaderNode>>,
) {
    let (entity_2d, mut cam_2d) = camera_2d.single_mut();
    let (entity_3d, mut cam_3d) = camera_3d.single_mut();
    let is_camera_2d_active = matches!(*state.get(), CameraActive::Dim2);

    cam_2d.is_active = is_camera_2d_active;
    cam_3d.is_active = !is_camera_2d_active;

    let active_camera = if is_camera_2d_active {
        entity_2d
    } else {
        entity_3d
    };

    text.iter_mut().for_each(|mut target_camera| {
        *target_camera = TargetCamera(active_camera);
    });
}

fn switch_cameras(current: Res<State<CameraActive>>, mut next: ResMut<NextState<CameraActive>>) {
    let next_state = match current.get() {
        CameraActive::Dim2 => CameraActive::Dim3,
        CameraActive::Dim3 => CameraActive::Dim2,
    };
    next.set(next_state);
}

fn setup_text(
    mut commands: Commands,
    asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
    cameras: Query<(Entity, &Camera)>,
) {
    let active_camera = cameras
        .iter()
        .find_map(|(entity, camera)| camera.is_active.then_some(entity))
        .expect("run condition ensures existence");
    let text = format!("{text}", text = PrimitiveSelected::default());
    let font_size = 24.0;
    let font: Handle<Font> = asset_server.load("fonts/FiraMono-Medium.ttf");
    let style = TextStyle {
        font,
        font_size,
        color: Color::WHITE,
    };
    let instructions = "Press 'C' to switch between 2D and 3D mode\n\
        Press 'Up' or 'Down' to switch to the next/previous primitive";
    let text = [
        TextSection::new("Primitive: ", style.clone()),
        TextSection::new(text, style.clone()),
        TextSection::new("\n\n", style.clone()),
        TextSection::new(instructions, style.clone()),
        TextSection::new("\n\n", style.clone()),
        TextSection::new(
            "(If nothing is displayed, there's no rendering support yet)",
            style.clone(),
        ),
    ];

    commands
        .spawn((
            HeaderNode,
            NodeBundle {
                style: Style {
                    justify_self: JustifySelf::Center,
                    top: Val::Px(5.0),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                ..Default::default()
            },
            TargetCamera(active_camera),
        ))
        .with_children(|parent| {
            parent.spawn((
                HeaderText,
                TextBundle::from_sections(text).with_text_justify(JustifyText::Center),
            ));
        });
}

fn update_text(
    primitive_state: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>,
    mut header: Query<&mut Text, With<HeaderText>>,
) {
    let new_text = format!("{text}", text = primitive_state.get());
    header.iter_mut().for_each(|mut header_text| {
        if let Some(kind) = header_text.sections.get_mut(1) {
            kind.value.clone_from(&new_text);
        };
    });
}

fn switch_to_next_primitive(
    current: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>,
    mut next: ResMut<NextState<PrimitiveSelected>>,
) {
    let next_state = current.get().next();
    next.set(next_state);
}

fn switch_to_previous_primitive(
    current: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>,
    mut next: ResMut<NextState<PrimitiveSelected>>,
) {
    let next_state = current.get().previous();
    next.set(next_state);
}

fn in_mode(active: CameraActive) -> impl Fn(Res<State<CameraActive>>) -> bool {
    move |state| *state.get() == active
}

fn draw_gizmos_2d(mut gizmos: Gizmos, state: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>, time: Res<Time>) {
    const POSITION: Vec2 = Vec2::new(-LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_2D, 0.0);
    let angle = time.elapsed_seconds();
    let color = Color::WHITE;

    match state.get() {
        PrimitiveSelected::RectangleAndCuboid => {
            gizmos.primitive_2d(RECTANGLE, POSITION, angle, color);
        }
        PrimitiveSelected::CircleAndSphere => gizmos.primitive_2d(CIRCLE, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Ellipse => gizmos.primitive_2d(ELLIPSE, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Triangle => gizmos.primitive_2d(TRIANGLE, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Plane => gizmos.primitive_2d(PLANE_2D, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Line => drop(gizmos.primitive_2d(LINE2D, POSITION, angle, color)),
        PrimitiveSelected::Segment => drop(gizmos.primitive_2d(SEGMENT_2D, POSITION, angle, color)),
        PrimitiveSelected::Polyline => gizmos.primitive_2d(POLYLINE_2D, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Polygon => gizmos.primitive_2d(POLYGON_2D, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::RegularPolygon => {
            gizmos.primitive_2d(REGULAR_POLYGON, POSITION, angle, color);
        }
        PrimitiveSelected::Capsule => gizmos.primitive_2d(CAPSULE_2D, POSITION, angle, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Cylinder => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Cone => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::ConicalFrustum => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Torus => {}
    }
}

/// Marker for primitive meshes to record in which state they should be visible in
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Component, Default, Reflect)]
pub struct PrimitiveData {
    camera_mode: CameraActive,
    primitive_state: PrimitiveSelected,
}

/// Marker for meshes of 2D primitives
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Component, Default)]
pub struct MeshDim2;

/// Marker for meshes of 3D primitives
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Component, Default)]
pub struct MeshDim3;

fn spawn_primitive_2d(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<ColorMaterial>>,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
) {
    const POSITION: Vec3 = Vec3::new(LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_2D, 0.0, 0.0);
    let material: Handle<ColorMaterial> = materials.add(Color::WHITE);
    let camera_mode = CameraActive::Dim2;
    [
        Some(RECTANGLE.mesh()),
        Some(CIRCLE.mesh().build()),
        Some(ELLIPSE.mesh().build()),
        Some(TRIANGLE.mesh()),
        None, // plane
        None, // line
        None, // segment
        None, // polyline
        None, // polygon
        Some(REGULAR_POLYGON.mesh()),
        Some(CAPSULE_2D.mesh().build()),
        None, // cylinder
        None, // cone
        None, // conical frustum
        None, // torus
    ]
    .into_iter()
    .zip(PrimitiveSelected::ALL)
    .for_each(|(maybe_mesh, state)| {
        if let Some(mesh) = maybe_mesh {
            commands.spawn((
                MeshDim2,
                PrimitiveData {
                    camera_mode,
                    primitive_state: state,
                },
                MaterialMesh2dBundle {
                    mesh: meshes.add(mesh).into(),
                    material: material.clone(),
                    transform: Transform::from_translation(POSITION),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            ));
        }
    });
}

fn spawn_primitive_3d(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
) {
    const POSITION: Vec3 = Vec3::new(-LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_3D, 0.0, 0.0);
    let material: Handle<StandardMaterial> = materials.add(Color::WHITE);
    let camera_mode = CameraActive::Dim3;
    [
        Some(CUBOID.mesh()),
        Some(SPHERE.mesh().build()),
        None, // ellipse
        None, // triangle
        Some(PLANE_3D.mesh().build()),
        None, // line
        None, // segment
        None, // polyline
        None, // polygon
        None, // regular polygon
        Some(CAPSULE_3D.mesh().build()),
        Some(CYLINDER.mesh().build()),
        None, // cone
        None, // conical frustum
        Some(TORUS.mesh().build()),
    ]
    .into_iter()
    .zip(PrimitiveSelected::ALL)
    .for_each(|(maybe_mesh, state)| {
        if let Some(mesh) = maybe_mesh {
            commands.spawn((
                MeshDim3,
                PrimitiveData {
                    camera_mode,
                    primitive_state: state,
                },
                PbrBundle {
                    mesh: meshes.add(mesh),
                    material: material.clone(),
                    transform: Transform::from_translation(POSITION),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            ));
        }
    });
}

fn update_primitive_meshes(
    camera_state: Res<State<CameraActive>>,
    primitive_state: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>,
    mut primitives: Query<(&mut Visibility, &PrimitiveData)>,
) {
    primitives.iter_mut().for_each(|(mut vis, primitive)| {
        let visible = primitive.camera_mode == *camera_state.get()
            && primitive.primitive_state == *primitive_state.get();
        *vis = if visible {
            Visibility::Inherited
        } else {
            Visibility::Hidden
        };
    });
}

fn rotate_primitive_2d_meshes(
    mut primitives_2d: Query<
        (&mut Transform, &ViewVisibility),
        (With<PrimitiveData>, With<MeshDim2>),
    >,
    time: Res<Time>,
) {
    let rotation_2d = Quat::from_mat3(&Mat3::from_angle(time.elapsed_seconds()));
    primitives_2d
        .iter_mut()
        .filter(|(_, vis)| vis.get())
        .for_each(|(mut transform, _)| {
            transform.rotation = rotation_2d;
        });
}

fn rotate_primitive_3d_meshes(
    mut primitives_3d: Query<
        (&mut Transform, &ViewVisibility),
        (With<PrimitiveData>, With<MeshDim3>),
    >,
    time: Res<Time>,
) {
    let rotation_3d = Quat::from_rotation_arc(
        Vec3::Z,
        Vec3::new(
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().cos(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin() * 0.5,
        )
        .try_normalize()
        .unwrap_or(Vec3::Z),
    );
    primitives_3d
        .iter_mut()
        .filter(|(_, vis)| vis.get())
        .for_each(|(mut transform, _)| {
            transform.rotation = rotation_3d;
        });
}

fn draw_gizmos_3d(mut gizmos: Gizmos, state: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>, time: Res<Time>) {
    const POSITION: Vec3 = Vec3::new(LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_3D, 0.0, 0.0);
    let rotation = Quat::from_rotation_arc(
        Vec3::Z,
        Vec3::new(
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().cos(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin() * 0.5,
        )
        .try_normalize()
        .unwrap_or(Vec3::Z),
    );
    let color = Color::WHITE;
    let segments = 10;

    match state.get() {
        PrimitiveSelected::RectangleAndCuboid => {
            gizmos.primitive_3d(CUBOID, POSITION, rotation, color);
        }
        PrimitiveSelected::CircleAndSphere => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(SPHERE, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::Ellipse => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Triangle => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Plane => drop(gizmos.primitive_3d(PLANE_3D, POSITION, rotation, color)),
        PrimitiveSelected::Line => gizmos.primitive_3d(LINE3D, POSITION, rotation, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Segment => gizmos.primitive_3d(SEGMENT_3D, POSITION, rotation, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Polyline => gizmos.primitive_3d(POLYLINE_3D, POSITION, rotation, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Polygon => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::RegularPolygon => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Capsule => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(CAPSULE_3D, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::Cylinder => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(CYLINDER, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::Cone => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(CONE, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::ConicalFrustum => {
            gizmos.primitive_3d(CONICAL_FRUSTUM, POSITION, rotation, color);
        }

        PrimitiveSelected::Torus => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(TORUS, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .minor_segments(segments)
                .major_segments(segments),
        ),
    }
}

examples/transforms/align.rs (line 259)

fn build_direction(height: f32, theta: f32) -> Vec3 {
    let z = height;
    let m = f32::acos(z).sin();
    let x = theta.cos() * m;
    let y = theta.sin() * m;

    Vec3::new(x, y, z)
}

examples/async_tasks/external_source_external_thread.rs (line 78)

fn move_text(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut texts: Query<(Entity, &mut Transform), With<Text>>,
    time: Res<Time>,
) {
    for (entity, mut position) in &mut texts {
        position.translation -= Vec3::new(0.0, 100.0 * time.delta_seconds(), 0.0);
        if position.translation.y < -300.0 {
            commands.entity(entity).despawn();
        }
    }
}

examples/animation/gltf_skinned_mesh.rs (line 24)

fn setup(mut commands: Commands, asset_server: Res<AssetServer>) {
    // Create a camera
    commands.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
        transform: Transform::from_xyz(-2.0, 2.5, 5.0)
            .looking_at(Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), Vec3::Y),
        ..default()
    });

    // Spawn the first scene in `models/SimpleSkin/SimpleSkin.gltf`
    commands.spawn(SceneBundle {
        scene: asset_server.load("models/SimpleSkin/SimpleSkin.gltf#Scene0"),
        ..default()
    });
}

examples/async_tasks/async_compute.rs (line 142)

fn setup_env(mut commands: Commands) {
    // Used to center camera on spawned cubes
    let offset = if NUM_CUBES % 2 == 0 {
        (NUM_CUBES / 2) as f32 - 0.5
    } else {
        (NUM_CUBES / 2) as f32
    };

    // lights
    commands.spawn(PointLightBundle {
        transform: Transform::from_xyz(4.0, 12.0, 15.0),
        ..default()
    });

    // camera
    commands.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
        transform: Transform::from_xyz(offset, offset, 15.0)
            .looking_at(Vec3::new(offset, offset, 0.0), Vec3::Y),
        ..default()
    });
}

Additional examples can be found in:

pub const fn splat(v: f32) -> Vec3

Creates a vector with all elements set to v.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/3d/irradiance_volumes.rs (line 278)

fn spawn_sphere(commands: &mut Commands, assets: &ExampleAssets) {
    commands
        .spawn(PbrBundle {
            mesh: assets.main_sphere.clone(),
            material: assets.main_sphere_material.clone(),
            transform: Transform::from_xyz(0.0, SPHERE_SCALE, 0.0)
                .with_scale(Vec3::splat(SPHERE_SCALE)),
            ..default()
        })
        .insert(MainObject);
}

fn spawn_voxel_cube_parent(commands: &mut Commands) {
    commands
        .spawn(SpatialBundle {
            visibility: Visibility::Hidden,
            ..default()
        })
        .insert(VoxelCubeParent);
}

fn spawn_fox(commands: &mut Commands, assets: &ExampleAssets) {
    commands
        .spawn(SceneBundle {
            scene: assets.fox.clone(),
            visibility: Visibility::Hidden,
            transform: Transform::from_scale(Vec3::splat(FOX_SCALE)),
            ..default()
        })
        .insert(MainObject);
}

fn spawn_text(commands: &mut Commands, app_status: &AppStatus, asset_server: &AssetServer) {
    commands.spawn(
        TextBundle {
            text: app_status.create_text(asset_server),
            ..TextBundle::default()
        }
        .with_style(Style {
            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
            bottom: Val::Px(10.0),
            left: Val::Px(10.0),
            ..default()
        }),
    );
}

// A system that updates the help text.
fn update_text(
    mut text_query: Query<&mut Text>,
    app_status: Res<AppStatus>,
    asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
) {
    for mut text in text_query.iter_mut() {
        *text = app_status.create_text(&asset_server);
    }
}

impl AppStatus {
    // Constructs the help text at the bottom of the screen based on the
    // application status.
    fn create_text(&self, asset_server: &AssetServer) -> Text {
        let irradiance_volume_help_text = if self.irradiance_volume_present {
            DISABLE_IRRADIANCE_VOLUME_HELP_TEXT
        } else {
            ENABLE_IRRADIANCE_VOLUME_HELP_TEXT
        };

        let voxels_help_text = if self.voxels_visible {
            HIDE_VOXELS_HELP_TEXT
        } else {
            SHOW_VOXELS_HELP_TEXT
        };

        let rotation_help_text = if self.rotating {
            STOP_ROTATION_HELP_TEXT
        } else {
            START_ROTATION_HELP_TEXT
        };

        let switch_mesh_help_text = match self.model {
            ExampleModel::Sphere => SWITCH_TO_FOX_HELP_TEXT,
            ExampleModel::Fox => SWITCH_TO_SPHERE_HELP_TEXT,
        };

        Text::from_section(
            format!(
                "{}\n{}\n{}\n{}\n{}",
                CLICK_TO_MOVE_HELP_TEXT,
                voxels_help_text,
                irradiance_volume_help_text,
                rotation_help_text,
                switch_mesh_help_text
            ),
            TextStyle {
                font: asset_server.load("fonts/FiraMono-Medium.ttf"),
                font_size: 24.0,
                ..default()
            },
        )
    }
}

// Rotates the camera a bit every frame.
fn rotate_camera(
    mut camera_query: Query<&mut Transform, With<Camera3d>>,
    time: Res<Time>,
    app_status: Res<AppStatus>,
) {
    if !app_status.rotating {
        return;
    }

    for mut transform in camera_query.iter_mut() {
        transform.translation = Vec2::from_angle(ROTATION_SPEED * time.delta_seconds())
            .rotate(transform.translation.xz())
            .extend(transform.translation.y)
            .xzy();
        transform.look_at(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Y);
    }
}

// Toggles between the unskinned sphere model and the skinned fox model if the
// user requests it.
fn change_main_object(
    keyboard: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    mut app_status: ResMut<AppStatus>,
    mut sphere_query: Query<
        &mut Visibility,
        (With<MainObject>, With<Handle<Mesh>>, Without<Handle<Scene>>),
    >,
    mut fox_query: Query<&mut Visibility, (With<MainObject>, With<Handle<Scene>>)>,
) {
    if !keyboard.just_pressed(KeyCode::Tab) {
        return;
    }
    let Some(mut sphere_visibility) = sphere_query.iter_mut().next() else {
        return;
    };
    let Some(mut fox_visibility) = fox_query.iter_mut().next() else {
        return;
    };

    match app_status.model {
        ExampleModel::Sphere => {
            *sphere_visibility = Visibility::Hidden;
            *fox_visibility = Visibility::Visible;
            app_status.model = ExampleModel::Fox;
        }
        ExampleModel::Fox => {
            *sphere_visibility = Visibility::Visible;
            *fox_visibility = Visibility::Hidden;
            app_status.model = ExampleModel::Sphere;
        }
    }
}

impl Default for AppStatus {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            irradiance_volume_present: true,
            rotating: true,
            model: ExampleModel::Sphere,
            voxels_visible: false,
        }
    }
}

// Turns on and off the irradiance volume as requested by the user.
fn toggle_irradiance_volumes(
    mut commands: Commands,
    keyboard: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    light_probe_query: Query<Entity, With<LightProbe>>,
    mut app_status: ResMut<AppStatus>,
    assets: Res<ExampleAssets>,
    mut ambient_light: ResMut<AmbientLight>,
) {
    if !keyboard.just_pressed(KeyCode::Space) {
        return;
    };

    let Some(light_probe) = light_probe_query.iter().next() else {
        return;
    };

    if app_status.irradiance_volume_present {
        commands.entity(light_probe).remove::<IrradianceVolume>();
        ambient_light.brightness = AMBIENT_LIGHT_BRIGHTNESS * IRRADIANCE_VOLUME_INTENSITY;
        app_status.irradiance_volume_present = false;
    } else {
        commands.entity(light_probe).insert(IrradianceVolume {
            voxels: assets.irradiance_volume.clone(),
            intensity: IRRADIANCE_VOLUME_INTENSITY,
        });
        ambient_light.brightness = 0.0;
        app_status.irradiance_volume_present = true;
    }
}

fn toggle_rotation(keyboard: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>, mut app_status: ResMut<AppStatus>) {
    if keyboard.just_pressed(KeyCode::Enter) {
        app_status.rotating = !app_status.rotating;
    }
}

// Handles clicks on the plane that reposition the object.
fn handle_mouse_clicks(
    buttons: Res<ButtonInput<MouseButton>>,
    windows: Query<&Window, With<PrimaryWindow>>,
    cameras: Query<(&Camera, &GlobalTransform)>,
    mut main_objects: Query<&mut Transform, With<MainObject>>,
) {
    if !buttons.pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
        return;
    }
    let Some(mouse_position) = windows
        .iter()
        .next()
        .and_then(|window| window.cursor_position())
    else {
        return;
    };
    let Some((camera, camera_transform)) = cameras.iter().next() else {
        return;
    };

    // Figure out where the user clicked on the plane.
    let Some(ray) = camera.viewport_to_world(camera_transform, mouse_position) else {
        return;
    };
    let Some(ray_distance) = ray.intersect_plane(Vec3::ZERO, InfinitePlane3d::new(Vec3::Y)) else {
        return;
    };
    let plane_intersection = ray.origin + ray.direction.normalize() * ray_distance;

    // Move all the main objeccts.
    for mut transform in main_objects.iter_mut() {
        transform.translation = vec3(
            plane_intersection.x,
            transform.translation.y,
            plane_intersection.z,
        );
    }
}

impl FromWorld for ExampleAssets {
    fn from_world(world: &mut World) -> Self {
        let fox_animation = world.load_asset("models/animated/Fox.glb#Animation1");
        let (fox_animation_graph, fox_animation_node) =
            AnimationGraph::from_clip(fox_animation.clone());

        ExampleAssets {
            main_sphere: world.add_asset(Sphere::default().mesh().uv(32, 18)),
            fox: world.load_asset("models/animated/Fox.glb#Scene0"),
            main_sphere_material: world.add_asset(Color::from(SILVER)),
            main_scene: world
                .load_asset("models/IrradianceVolumeExample/IrradianceVolumeExample.glb#Scene0"),
            irradiance_volume: world.load_asset("irradiance_volumes/Example.vxgi.ktx2"),
            fox_animation_graph: world.add_asset(fox_animation_graph),
            fox_animation_node,
            voxel_cube: world.add_asset(Cuboid::default()),
            // Just use a specular map for the skybox since it's not too blurry.
            // In reality you wouldn't do this--you'd use a real skybox texture--but
            // reusing the textures like this saves space in the Bevy repository.
            skybox: world.load_asset("environment_maps/pisa_specular_rgb9e5_zstd.ktx2"),
        }
    }
}

// Plays the animation on the fox.
fn play_animations(
    mut commands: Commands,
    assets: Res<ExampleAssets>,
    mut players: Query<(Entity, &mut AnimationPlayer), Without<Handle<AnimationGraph>>>,
) {
    for (entity, mut player) in players.iter_mut() {
        commands
            .entity(entity)
            .insert(assets.fox_animation_graph.clone());
        player.play(assets.fox_animation_node).repeat();
    }
}

fn create_cubes(
    image_assets: Res<Assets<Image>>,
    mut commands: Commands,
    irradiance_volumes: Query<(&IrradianceVolume, &GlobalTransform)>,
    voxel_cube_parents: Query<Entity, With<VoxelCubeParent>>,
    voxel_cubes: Query<Entity, With<VoxelCube>>,
    example_assets: Res<ExampleAssets>,
    mut voxel_visualization_material_assets: ResMut<Assets<VoxelVisualizationMaterial>>,
) {
    // If voxel cubes have already been spawned, don't do anything.
    if !voxel_cubes.is_empty() {
        return;
    }

    let Some(voxel_cube_parent) = voxel_cube_parents.iter().next() else {
        return;
    };

    for (irradiance_volume, global_transform) in irradiance_volumes.iter() {
        let Some(image) = image_assets.get(&irradiance_volume.voxels) else {
            continue;
        };

        let resolution = image.texture_descriptor.size;

        let voxel_cube_material = voxel_visualization_material_assets.add(ExtendedMaterial {
            base: StandardMaterial::from(Color::from(RED)),
            extension: VoxelVisualizationExtension {
                irradiance_volume_info: VoxelVisualizationIrradianceVolumeInfo {
                    transform: VOXEL_TRANSFORM.inverse(),
                    inverse_transform: VOXEL_TRANSFORM,
                    resolution: uvec3(
                        resolution.width,
                        resolution.height,
                        resolution.depth_or_array_layers,
                    ),
                    intensity: IRRADIANCE_VOLUME_INTENSITY,
                },
            },
        });

        let scale = vec3(
            1.0 / resolution.width as f32,
            1.0 / resolution.height as f32,
            1.0 / resolution.depth_or_array_layers as f32,
        );

        // Spawn a cube for each voxel.
        for z in 0..resolution.depth_or_array_layers {
            for y in 0..resolution.height {
                for x in 0..resolution.width {
                    let uvw = (uvec3(x, y, z).as_vec3() + 0.5) * scale - 0.5;
                    let pos = global_transform.transform_point(uvw);
                    let voxel_cube = commands
                        .spawn(MaterialMeshBundle {
                            mesh: example_assets.voxel_cube.clone(),
                            material: voxel_cube_material.clone(),
                            transform: Transform::from_scale(Vec3::splat(VOXEL_CUBE_SCALE))
                                .with_translation(pos),
                            ..default()
                        })
                        .insert(VoxelCube)
                        .insert(NotShadowCaster)
                        .id();

                    commands.entity(voxel_cube_parent).add_child(voxel_cube);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

More examples

Hide additional examples

examples/games/alien_cake_addict.rs (line 377)

fn rotate_bonus(game: Res<Game>, time: Res<Time>, mut transforms: Query<&mut Transform>) {
    if let Some(entity) = game.bonus.entity {
        if let Ok(mut cake_transform) = transforms.get_mut(entity) {
            cake_transform.rotate_y(time.delta_seconds());
            cake_transform.scale =
                Vec3::splat(1.0 + (game.score as f32 / 10.0 * time.elapsed_seconds().sin()).abs());
        }
    }
}

examples/2d/mesh2d.rs (line 20)

fn setup(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<ColorMaterial>>,
) {
    commands.spawn(Camera2dBundle::default());
    commands.spawn(MaterialMesh2dBundle {
        mesh: meshes.add(Rectangle::default()).into(),
        transform: Transform::default().with_scale(Vec3::splat(128.)),
        material: materials.add(Color::from(PURPLE)),
        ..default()
    });
}

examples/2d/pixel_grid_snap.rs (line 87)

fn setup_mesh(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<ColorMaterial>>,
) {
    commands.spawn((
        MaterialMesh2dBundle {
            mesh: meshes.add(Capsule2d::default()).into(),
            transform: Transform::from_xyz(40., 0., 2.).with_scale(Vec3::splat(32.)),
            material: materials.add(Color::BLACK),
            ..default()
        },
        Rotate,
        PIXEL_PERFECT_LAYERS,
    ));
}

examples/3d/reflection_probes.rs (line 146)

fn spawn_reflection_probe(commands: &mut Commands, cubemaps: &Cubemaps) {
    commands.spawn(ReflectionProbeBundle {
        spatial: SpatialBundle {
            // 2.0 because the sphere's radius is 1.0 and we want to fully enclose it.
            transform: Transform::from_scale(Vec3::splat(2.0)),
            ..SpatialBundle::default()
        },
        light_probe: LightProbe,
        environment_map: EnvironmentMapLight {
            diffuse_map: cubemaps.diffuse.clone(),
            specular_map: cubemaps.specular_reflection_probe.clone(),
            intensity: 5000.0,
        },
    });
}

examples/shader/shader_material_2d.rs (line 33)

fn setup(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<CustomMaterial>>,
    asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
) {
    // camera
    commands.spawn(Camera2dBundle::default());

    // quad
    commands.spawn(MaterialMesh2dBundle {
        mesh: meshes.add(Rectangle::default()).into(),
        transform: Transform::default().with_scale(Vec3::splat(128.)),
        material: materials.add(CustomMaterial {
            color: LinearRgba::BLUE,
            color_texture: Some(asset_server.load("branding/icon.png")),
        }),
        ..default()
    });
}

Additional examples can be found in:

pub fn select(mask: BVec3, if_true: Vec3, if_false: Vec3) -> Vec3

Creates a vector from the elements in if_true and if_false, selecting which to use for each element of self.

A true element in the mask uses the corresponding element from if_true, and false uses the element from if_false.

pub const fn from_array(a: [f32; 3]) -> Vec3

Creates a new vector from an array.

pub const fn to_array(&self) -> [f32; 3]

[x, y, z]

pub const fn from_slice(slice: &[f32]) -> Vec3

Creates a vector from the first 3 values in slice.

§Panics

Panics if slice is less than 3 elements long.

pub fn write_to_slice(self, slice: &mut [f32])

Writes the elements of self to the first 3 elements in slice.

§Panics

Panics if slice is less than 3 elements long.

pub fn extend(self, w: f32) -> Vec4

Creates a 4D vector from self and the given w value.

pub fn truncate(self) -> Vec2

Creates a 2D vector from the x and y elements of self, discarding z.

Truncation may also be performed by using self.xy().

Examples found in repository ?

examples/games/desk_toy.rs (line 253)

fn update_cursor_hit_test(
    cursor_world_pos: Res<CursorWorldPos>,
    mut q_primary_window: Query<&mut Window, With<PrimaryWindow>>,
    q_bevy_logo: Query<&Transform, With<BevyLogo>>,
) {
    let mut primary_window = q_primary_window.single_mut();

    // If the window has decorations (e.g. a border) then it should be clickable
    if primary_window.decorations {
        primary_window.cursor.hit_test = true;
        return;
    }

    // If the cursor is not within the window we don't need to update whether the window is clickable or not
    let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos.0 else {
        return;
    };

    // If the cursor is within the radius of the Bevy logo make the window clickable otherwise the window is not clickable
    let bevy_logo_transform = q_bevy_logo.single();
    primary_window.cursor.hit_test = bevy_logo_transform
        .translation
        .truncate()
        .distance(cursor_world_pos)
        < BEVY_LOGO_RADIUS;
}

/// Start the drag operation and record the offset we started dragging from
fn start_drag(
    mut commands: Commands,
    cursor_world_pos: Res<CursorWorldPos>,
    q_bevy_logo: Query<&Transform, With<BevyLogo>>,
) {
    // If the cursor is not within the primary window skip this system
    let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos.0 else {
        return;
    };

    // Get the offset from the cursor to the Bevy logo sprite
    let bevy_logo_transform = q_bevy_logo.single();
    let drag_offset = bevy_logo_transform.translation.truncate() - cursor_world_pos;

    // If the cursor is within the Bevy logo radius start the drag operation and remember the offset of the cursor from the origin
    if drag_offset.length() < BEVY_LOGO_RADIUS {
        commands.insert_resource(DragOperation(drag_offset));
    }
}

/// Stop the current drag operation
fn end_drag(mut commands: Commands) {
    commands.remove_resource::<DragOperation>();
}

/// Drag the Bevy logo
fn drag(
    drag_offset: Res<DragOperation>,
    cursor_world_pos: Res<CursorWorldPos>,
    time: Res<Time>,
    mut q_bevy_logo: Query<&mut Transform, With<BevyLogo>>,
    mut q_pupils: Query<&mut Pupil>,
) {
    // If the cursor is not within the primary window skip this system
    let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos.0 else {
        return;
    };

    // Get the current Bevy logo transform
    let mut bevy_transform = q_bevy_logo.single_mut();

    // Calculate the new translation of the Bevy logo based on cursor and drag offset
    let new_translation = cursor_world_pos + drag_offset.0;

    // Calculate how fast we are dragging the Bevy logo (unit/second)
    let drag_velocity =
        (new_translation - bevy_transform.translation.truncate()) / time.delta_seconds();

    // Update the translation of Bevy logo transform to new translation
    bevy_transform.translation = new_translation.extend(bevy_transform.translation.z);

    // Add the cursor drag velocity in the opposite direction to each pupil.
    // Remember pupils are using local coordinates to move. So when the Bevy logo moves right they need to move left to
    // simulate inertia, otherwise they will move fixed to the parent.
    for mut pupil in &mut q_pupils {
        pupil.velocity -= drag_velocity;
    }
}

/// Quit when the user right clicks the Bevy logo
fn quit(
    cursor_world_pos: Res<CursorWorldPos>,
    mut app_exit: EventWriter<AppExit>,
    q_bevy_logo: Query<&Transform, With<BevyLogo>>,
) {
    // If the cursor is not within the primary window skip this system
    let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos.0 else {
        return;
    };

    // If the cursor is within the Bevy logo radius send the [`AppExit`] event to quit the app
    let bevy_logo_transform = q_bevy_logo.single();
    if bevy_logo_transform
        .translation
        .truncate()
        .distance(cursor_world_pos)
        < BEVY_LOGO_RADIUS
    {
        app_exit.send(AppExit::Success);
    }
}

/// Enable transparency for the window and make it on top
fn toggle_transparency(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut window_transparency: ResMut<WindowTransparency>,
    mut q_instructions_text: Query<&mut Visibility, With<InstructionsText>>,
    mut q_primary_window: Query<&mut Window, With<PrimaryWindow>>,
) {
    // Toggle the window transparency resource
    window_transparency.0 = !window_transparency.0;

    // Show or hide the instructions text
    for mut visibility in &mut q_instructions_text {
        *visibility = if window_transparency.0 {
            Visibility::Hidden
        } else {
            Visibility::Visible
        };
    }

    // Remove the primary window's decorations (e.g. borders), make it always on top of other desktop windows, and set the clear color to transparent
    // only if window transparency is enabled
    let mut window = q_primary_window.single_mut();
    let clear_color;
    (window.decorations, window.window_level, clear_color) = if window_transparency.0 {
        (false, WindowLevel::AlwaysOnTop, Color::NONE)
    } else {
        (true, WindowLevel::Normal, WINDOW_CLEAR_COLOR)
    };

    // Set the clear color
    commands.insert_resource(ClearColor(clear_color));
}

/// Move the pupils and bounce them around
fn move_pupils(time: Res<Time>, mut q_pupils: Query<(&mut Pupil, &mut Transform)>) {
    for (mut pupil, mut transform) in &mut q_pupils {
        // The wiggle radius is how much the pupil can move within the eye
        let wiggle_radius = pupil.eye_radius - pupil.pupil_radius;
        // Store the Z component
        let z = transform.translation.z;
        // Truncate the Z component to make the calculations be on [`Vec2`]
        let mut translation = transform.translation.truncate();
        // Decay the pupil velocity
        pupil.velocity *= (0.04f32).powf(time.delta_seconds());
        // Move the pupil
        translation += pupil.velocity * time.delta_seconds();
        // If the pupil hit the outside border of the eye, limit the translation to be within the wiggle radius and invert the velocity.
        // This is not physically accurate but it's good enough for the googly eyes effect.
        if translation.length() > wiggle_radius {
            translation = translation.normalize() * wiggle_radius;
            // Invert and decrease the velocity of the pupil when it bounces
            pupil.velocity *= -0.75;
        }
        // Update the entity transform with the new translation after reading the Z component
        transform.translation = translation.extend(z);
    }
}

More examples

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examples/games/breakout.rs (line 371)

fn check_for_collisions(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut score: ResMut<Score>,
    mut ball_query: Query<(&mut Velocity, &Transform), With<Ball>>,
    collider_query: Query<(Entity, &Transform, Option<&Brick>), With<Collider>>,
    mut collision_events: EventWriter<CollisionEvent>,
) {
    let (mut ball_velocity, ball_transform) = ball_query.single_mut();

    for (collider_entity, collider_transform, maybe_brick) in &collider_query {
        let collision = ball_collision(
            BoundingCircle::new(ball_transform.translation.truncate(), BALL_DIAMETER / 2.),
            Aabb2d::new(
                collider_transform.translation.truncate(),
                collider_transform.scale.truncate() / 2.,
            ),
        );

        if let Some(collision) = collision {
            // Sends a collision event so that other systems can react to the collision
            collision_events.send_default();

            // Bricks should be despawned and increment the scoreboard on collision
            if maybe_brick.is_some() {
                commands.entity(collider_entity).despawn();
                **score += 1;
            }

            // Reflect the ball's velocity when it collides
            let mut reflect_x = false;
            let mut reflect_y = false;

            // Reflect only if the velocity is in the opposite direction of the collision
            // This prevents the ball from getting stuck inside the bar
            match collision {
                Collision::Left => reflect_x = ball_velocity.x > 0.0,
                Collision::Right => reflect_x = ball_velocity.x < 0.0,
                Collision::Top => reflect_y = ball_velocity.y < 0.0,
                Collision::Bottom => reflect_y = ball_velocity.y > 0.0,
            }

            // Reflect velocity on the x-axis if we hit something on the x-axis
            if reflect_x {
                ball_velocity.x = -ball_velocity.x;
            }

            // Reflect velocity on the y-axis if we hit something on the y-axis
            if reflect_y {
                ball_velocity.y = -ball_velocity.y;
            }
        }
    }
}

pub fn dot(self, rhs: Vec3) -> f32

Computes the dot product of self and rhs.

pub fn dot_into_vec(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns a vector where every component is the dot product of self and rhs.

pub fn cross(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Computes the cross product of self and rhs.

pub fn min(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the minimum values for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x.min(rhs.x), self.y.min(rhs.y), ..].

Examples found in repository ?

examples/2d/rotation.rs (line 155)

fn player_movement_system(
    time: Res<Time>,
    keyboard_input: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    mut query: Query<(&Player, &mut Transform)>,
) {
    let (ship, mut transform) = query.single_mut();

    let mut rotation_factor = 0.0;
    let mut movement_factor = 0.0;

    if keyboard_input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowLeft) {
        rotation_factor += 1.0;
    }

    if keyboard_input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowRight) {
        rotation_factor -= 1.0;
    }

    if keyboard_input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowUp) {
        movement_factor += 1.0;
    }

    // update the ship rotation around the Z axis (perpendicular to the 2D plane of the screen)
    transform.rotate_z(rotation_factor * ship.rotation_speed * time.delta_seconds());

    // get the ship's forward vector by applying the current rotation to the ships initial facing
    // vector
    let movement_direction = transform.rotation * Vec3::Y;
    // get the distance the ship will move based on direction, the ship's movement speed and delta
    // time
    let movement_distance = movement_factor * ship.movement_speed * time.delta_seconds();
    // create the change in translation using the new movement direction and distance
    let translation_delta = movement_direction * movement_distance;
    // update the ship translation with our new translation delta
    transform.translation += translation_delta;

    // bound the ship within the invisible level bounds
    let extents = Vec3::from((BOUNDS / 2.0, 0.0));
    transform.translation = transform.translation.min(extents).max(-extents);
}

pub fn max(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the maximum values for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x.max(rhs.x), self.y.max(rhs.y), ..].

Examples found in repository ?

examples/2d/rotation.rs (line 155)

fn player_movement_system(
    time: Res<Time>,
    keyboard_input: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    mut query: Query<(&Player, &mut Transform)>,
) {
    let (ship, mut transform) = query.single_mut();

    let mut rotation_factor = 0.0;
    let mut movement_factor = 0.0;

    if keyboard_input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowLeft) {
        rotation_factor += 1.0;
    }

    if keyboard_input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowRight) {
        rotation_factor -= 1.0;
    }

    if keyboard_input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowUp) {
        movement_factor += 1.0;
    }

    // update the ship rotation around the Z axis (perpendicular to the 2D plane of the screen)
    transform.rotate_z(rotation_factor * ship.rotation_speed * time.delta_seconds());

    // get the ship's forward vector by applying the current rotation to the ships initial facing
    // vector
    let movement_direction = transform.rotation * Vec3::Y;
    // get the distance the ship will move based on direction, the ship's movement speed and delta
    // time
    let movement_distance = movement_factor * ship.movement_speed * time.delta_seconds();
    // create the change in translation using the new movement direction and distance
    let translation_delta = movement_direction * movement_distance;
    // update the ship translation with our new translation delta
    transform.translation += translation_delta;

    // bound the ship within the invisible level bounds
    let extents = Vec3::from((BOUNDS / 2.0, 0.0));
    transform.translation = transform.translation.min(extents).max(-extents);
}

pub fn clamp(self, min: Vec3, max: Vec3) -> Vec3

Component-wise clamping of values, similar to f32::clamp.

Each element in min must be less-or-equal to the corresponding element in max.

§Panics

Will panic if min is greater than max when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn min_element(self) -> f32

Returns the horizontal minimum of self.

In other words this computes min(x, y, ..).

Examples found in repository ?

examples/transforms/scale.rs (line 84)

fn change_scale_direction(mut cubes: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut Scaling)>) {
    for (mut transform, mut cube) in &mut cubes {
        // If an entity scaled beyond the maximum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is flipped so the scaling is gradually reverted.
        // Additionally, to ensure the condition does not trigger again we floor the elements to
        // their next full value, which should be max_element_size at max.
        if transform.scale.max_element() > cube.max_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.floor();
        }
        // If an entity scaled beyond the minimum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is also flipped.
        // Additionally the Values are ceiled to be min_element_size at least
        // and the scale direction is flipped.
        // This way the entity will change the dimension in which it is scaled any time it
        // reaches its min_element_size.
        if transform.scale.min_element() < cube.min_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.ceil();
            cube.scale_direction = cube.scale_direction.zxy();
        }
    }
}

pub fn max_element(self) -> f32

Returns the horizontal maximum of self.

In other words this computes max(x, y, ..).

Examples found in repository ?

examples/transforms/scale.rs (line 74)

fn change_scale_direction(mut cubes: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut Scaling)>) {
    for (mut transform, mut cube) in &mut cubes {
        // If an entity scaled beyond the maximum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is flipped so the scaling is gradually reverted.
        // Additionally, to ensure the condition does not trigger again we floor the elements to
        // their next full value, which should be max_element_size at max.
        if transform.scale.max_element() > cube.max_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.floor();
        }
        // If an entity scaled beyond the minimum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is also flipped.
        // Additionally the Values are ceiled to be min_element_size at least
        // and the scale direction is flipped.
        // This way the entity will change the dimension in which it is scaled any time it
        // reaches its min_element_size.
        if transform.scale.min_element() < cube.min_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.ceil();
            cube.scale_direction = cube.scale_direction.zxy();
        }
    }
}

pub fn cmpeq(self, rhs: Vec3) -> BVec3

Returns a vector mask containing the result of a == comparison for each element of self and rhs.

In other words, this computes [self.x == rhs.x, self.y == rhs.y, ..] for all elements.

pub fn cmpne(self, rhs: Vec3) -> BVec3

Returns a vector mask containing the result of a != comparison for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x != rhs.x, self.y != rhs.y, ..] for all elements.

pub fn cmpge(self, rhs: Vec3) -> BVec3

Returns a vector mask containing the result of a >= comparison for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x >= rhs.x, self.y >= rhs.y, ..] for all elements.

pub fn cmpgt(self, rhs: Vec3) -> BVec3

Returns a vector mask containing the result of a > comparison for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x > rhs.x, self.y > rhs.y, ..] for all elements.

pub fn cmple(self, rhs: Vec3) -> BVec3

Returns a vector mask containing the result of a <= comparison for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x <= rhs.x, self.y <= rhs.y, ..] for all elements.

pub fn cmplt(self, rhs: Vec3) -> BVec3

Returns a vector mask containing the result of a < comparison for each element of self and rhs.

In other words this computes [self.x < rhs.x, self.y < rhs.y, ..] for all elements.

pub fn abs(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the absolute value of each element of self.

pub fn signum(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector with elements representing the sign of self.

1.0 if the number is positive, +0.0 or INFINITY
-1.0 if the number is negative, -0.0 or NEG_INFINITY
NAN if the number is NAN

pub fn copysign(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns a vector with signs of rhs and the magnitudes of self.

pub fn is_negative_bitmask(self) -> u32

Returns a bitmask with the lowest 3 bits set to the sign bits from the elements of self.

A negative element results in a 1 bit and a positive element in a 0 bit. Element x goes into the first lowest bit, element y into the second, etc.

pub fn is_finite(self) -> bool

Returns true if, and only if, all elements are finite. If any element is either NaN, positive or negative infinity, this will return false.

pub fn is_nan(self) -> bool

Returns true if any elements are NaN.

pub fn is_nan_mask(self) -> BVec3

Performs is_nan on each element of self, returning a vector mask of the results.

In other words, this computes [x.is_nan(), y.is_nan(), z.is_nan(), w.is_nan()].

pub fn length(self) -> f32

Computes the length of self.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/transforms/translation.rs (line 68)

fn move_cube(mut cubes: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut Movable)>, timer: Res<Time>) {
    for (mut transform, mut cube) in &mut cubes {
        // Check if the entity moved too far from its spawn, if so invert the moving direction.
        if (cube.spawn - transform.translation).length() > cube.max_distance {
            cube.speed *= -1.0;
        }
        let direction = transform.local_x();
        transform.translation += direction * cube.speed * timer.delta_seconds();
    }
}

More examples

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examples/3d/motion_blur.rs (line 336)

fn move_cars(
    time: Res<Time>,
    mut movables: Query<(&mut Transform, &Moves, &Children)>,
    mut spins: Query<&mut Transform, (Without<Moves>, With<Rotates>)>,
) {
    for (mut transform, moves, children) in &mut movables {
        let time = time.elapsed_seconds() * 0.25;
        let t = time + 0.5 * moves.0;
        let dx = t.cos();
        let dz = -(3.0 * t).sin();
        let speed_variation = (dx * dx + dz * dz).sqrt() * 0.15;
        let t = t + speed_variation;
        let prev = transform.translation;
        transform.translation.x = race_track_pos(0.0, t).x;
        transform.translation.z = race_track_pos(0.0, t).y;
        transform.translation.y = -0.59;
        let delta = transform.translation - prev;
        transform.look_to(delta, Vec3::Y);
        for child in children.iter() {
            let Ok(mut wheel) = spins.get_mut(*child) else {
                continue;
            };
            let radius = wheel.scale.x;
            let circumference = 2.0 * std::f32::consts::PI * radius;
            let angle = delta.length() / circumference * std::f32::consts::PI * 2.0;
            wheel.rotate_local_y(angle);
        }
    }
}

examples/transforms/transform.rs (line 140)

fn scale_down_sphere_proportional_to_cube_travel_distance(
    cubes: Query<(&Transform, &CubeState), Without<Center>>,
    mut centers: Query<(&mut Transform, &Center)>,
) {
    // First we need to calculate the length of between
    // the current position of the orbiting cube and the spawn position.
    let mut distances = 0.0;
    for (cube_transform, cube_state) in &cubes {
        distances += (cube_state.start_pos - cube_transform.translation).length();
    }
    // Now we use the calculated value to scale the sphere in the center accordingly.
    for (mut transform, center) in &mut centers {
        // Calculate the new size from the calculated distances and the centers scale_factor.
        // Since we want to have the sphere at its max_size at the cubes spawn location we start by
        // using the max_size as start value and subtract the distances scaled by a scaling factor.
        let mut new_size: f32 = center.max_size - center.scale_factor * distances;

        // The new size should also not be smaller than the centers min_size.
        // Therefore the max value out of (new_size, center.min_size) is used.
        new_size = new_size.max(center.min_size);

        // Now scale the sphere uniformly in all directions using new_size.
        // Here Vec3:splat is used to create a vector with new_size in x, y and z direction.
        transform.scale = Vec3::splat(new_size);
    }
}

examples/games/alien_cake_addict.rs (line 301)

fn focus_camera(
    time: Res<Time>,
    mut game: ResMut<Game>,
    mut transforms: ParamSet<(Query<&mut Transform, With<Camera3d>>, Query<&Transform>)>,
) {
    const SPEED: f32 = 2.0;
    // if there is both a player and a bonus, target the mid-point of them
    if let (Some(player_entity), Some(bonus_entity)) = (game.player.entity, game.bonus.entity) {
        let transform_query = transforms.p1();
        if let (Ok(player_transform), Ok(bonus_transform)) = (
            transform_query.get(player_entity),
            transform_query.get(bonus_entity),
        ) {
            game.camera_should_focus = player_transform
                .translation
                .lerp(bonus_transform.translation, 0.5);
        }
        // otherwise, if there is only a player, target the player
    } else if let Some(player_entity) = game.player.entity {
        if let Ok(player_transform) = transforms.p1().get(player_entity) {
            game.camera_should_focus = player_transform.translation;
        }
        // otherwise, target the middle
    } else {
        game.camera_should_focus = Vec3::from(RESET_FOCUS);
    }
    // calculate the camera motion based on the difference between where the camera is looking
    // and where it should be looking; the greater the distance, the faster the motion;
    // smooth out the camera movement using the frame time
    let mut camera_motion = game.camera_should_focus - game.camera_is_focus;
    if camera_motion.length() > 0.2 {
        camera_motion *= SPEED * time.delta_seconds();
        // set the new camera's actual focus
        game.camera_is_focus += camera_motion;
    }
    // look at that new camera's actual focus
    for mut transform in transforms.p0().iter_mut() {
        *transform = transform.looking_at(game.camera_is_focus, Vec3::Y);
    }
}

examples/3d/transmission.rs (line 573)

fn example_control_system(
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
    controllable: Query<(&Handle<StandardMaterial>, &ExampleControls)>,
    mut camera: Query<
        (
            Entity,
            &mut Camera,
            &mut Camera3d,
            &mut Transform,
            Option<&DepthPrepass>,
            Option<&TemporalJitter>,
        ),
        With<Camera3d>,
    >,
    mut display: Query<&mut Text, With<ExampleDisplay>>,
    mut state: Local<ExampleState>,
    time: Res<Time>,
    input: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
) {
    if input.pressed(KeyCode::Digit2) {
        state.diffuse_transmission = (state.diffuse_transmission + time.delta_seconds()).min(1.0);
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::Digit1) {
        state.diffuse_transmission = (state.diffuse_transmission - time.delta_seconds()).max(0.0);
    }

    if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyW) {
        state.specular_transmission = (state.specular_transmission + time.delta_seconds()).min(1.0);
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyQ) {
        state.specular_transmission = (state.specular_transmission - time.delta_seconds()).max(0.0);
    }

    if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyS) {
        state.thickness = (state.thickness + time.delta_seconds()).min(5.0);
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyA) {
        state.thickness = (state.thickness - time.delta_seconds()).max(0.0);
    }

    if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyX) {
        state.ior = (state.ior + time.delta_seconds()).min(3.0);
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyZ) {
        state.ior = (state.ior - time.delta_seconds()).max(1.0);
    }

    if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyI) {
        state.reflectance = (state.reflectance + time.delta_seconds()).min(1.0);
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyU) {
        state.reflectance = (state.reflectance - time.delta_seconds()).max(0.0);
    }

    if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyR) {
        state.perceptual_roughness = (state.perceptual_roughness + time.delta_seconds()).min(1.0);
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::KeyE) {
        state.perceptual_roughness = (state.perceptual_roughness - time.delta_seconds()).max(0.0);
    }

    let randomize_colors = input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyC);

    for (material_handle, controls) in &controllable {
        let material = materials.get_mut(material_handle).unwrap();
        if controls.specular_transmission {
            material.specular_transmission = state.specular_transmission;
            material.thickness = state.thickness;
            material.ior = state.ior;
            material.perceptual_roughness = state.perceptual_roughness;
            material.reflectance = state.reflectance;
        }

        if controls.diffuse_transmission {
            material.diffuse_transmission = state.diffuse_transmission;
        }

        if controls.color && randomize_colors {
            material.base_color =
                Color::srgba(random(), random(), random(), material.base_color.alpha());
        }
    }

    let (
        camera_entity,
        mut camera,
        mut camera_3d,
        mut camera_transform,
        depth_prepass,
        temporal_jitter,
    ) = camera.single_mut();

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyH) {
        camera.hdr = !camera.hdr;
    }

    #[cfg(not(all(feature = "webgl2", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyD) {
        if depth_prepass.is_none() {
            commands.entity(camera_entity).insert(DepthPrepass);
        } else {
            commands.entity(camera_entity).remove::<DepthPrepass>();
        }
    }

    #[cfg(not(all(feature = "webgl2", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyT) {
        if temporal_jitter.is_none() {
            commands.entity(camera_entity).insert((
                TemporalJitter::default(),
                TemporalAntiAliasSettings::default(),
            ));
        } else {
            commands
                .entity(camera_entity)
                .remove::<(TemporalJitter, TemporalAntiAliasSettings)>();
        }
    }

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyO) && camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_steps > 0 {
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_steps -= 1;
    }

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyP) && camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_steps < 4 {
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_steps += 1;
    }

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyJ) {
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_quality = ScreenSpaceTransmissionQuality::Low;
    }

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyK) {
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_quality =
            ScreenSpaceTransmissionQuality::Medium;
    }

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::KeyL) {
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_quality = ScreenSpaceTransmissionQuality::High;
    }

    if input.just_pressed(KeyCode::Semicolon) {
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_quality =
            ScreenSpaceTransmissionQuality::Ultra;
    }

    let rotation = if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowRight) {
        state.auto_camera = false;
        time.delta_seconds()
    } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowLeft) {
        state.auto_camera = false;
        -time.delta_seconds()
    } else if state.auto_camera {
        time.delta_seconds() * 0.25
    } else {
        0.0
    };

    let distance_change =
        if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowDown) && camera_transform.translation.length() < 25.0 {
            time.delta_seconds()
        } else if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowUp) && camera_transform.translation.length() > 2.0 {
            -time.delta_seconds()
        } else {
            0.0
        };

    camera_transform.translation *= distance_change.exp();

    camera_transform.rotate_around(
        Vec3::ZERO,
        Quat::from_euler(EulerRot::XYZ, 0.0, rotation, 0.0),
    );

    let mut display = display.single_mut();
    display.sections[0].value = format!(
        concat!(
            " J / K / L / ;  Screen Space Specular Transmissive Quality: {:?}\n",
            "         O / P  Screen Space Specular Transmissive Steps: {}\n",
            "         1 / 2  Diffuse Transmission: {:.2}\n",
            "         Q / W  Specular Transmission: {:.2}\n",
            "         A / S  Thickness: {:.2}\n",
            "         Z / X  IOR: {:.2}\n",
            "         E / R  Perceptual Roughness: {:.2}\n",
            "         U / I  Reflectance: {:.2}\n",
            "    Arrow Keys  Control Camera\n",
            "             C  Randomize Colors\n",
            "             H  HDR + Bloom: {}\n",
            "             D  Depth Prepass: {}\n",
            "             T  TAA: {}\n",
        ),
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_quality,
        camera_3d.screen_space_specular_transmission_steps,
        state.diffuse_transmission,
        state.specular_transmission,
        state.thickness,
        state.ior,
        state.perceptual_roughness,
        state.reflectance,
        if camera.hdr { "ON " } else { "OFF" },
        if cfg!(any(not(feature = "webgl2"), not(target_arch = "wasm32"))) {
            if depth_prepass.is_some() {
                "ON "
            } else {
                "OFF"
            }
        } else {
            "N/A (WebGL)"
        },
        if cfg!(any(not(feature = "webgl2"), not(target_arch = "wasm32"))) {
            if temporal_jitter.is_some() {
                if depth_prepass.is_some() {
                    "ON "
                } else {
                    "N/A (Needs Depth Prepass)"
                }
            } else {
                "OFF"
            }
        } else {
            "N/A (WebGL)"
        },
    );
}

pub fn length_squared(self) -> f32

Computes the squared length of self.

This is faster than length() as it avoids a square root operation.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/ecs/iter_combinations.rs (line 135)

fn interact_bodies(mut query: Query<(&Mass, &GlobalTransform, &mut Acceleration)>) {
    let mut iter = query.iter_combinations_mut();
    while let Some([(Mass(m1), transform1, mut acc1), (Mass(m2), transform2, mut acc2)]) =
        iter.fetch_next()
    {
        let delta = transform2.translation() - transform1.translation();
        let distance_sq: f32 = delta.length_squared();

        let f = GRAVITY_CONSTANT / distance_sq;
        let force_unit_mass = delta * f;
        acc1.0 += force_unit_mass * *m2;
        acc2.0 -= force_unit_mass * *m1;
    }
}

More examples

Hide additional examples

examples/tools/scene_viewer/../../helpers/camera_controller.rs (line 185)

fn run_camera_controller(
    time: Res<Time>,
    mut windows: Query<&mut Window>,
    mut mouse_events: EventReader<MouseMotion>,
    mut scroll_events: EventReader<MouseWheel>,
    mouse_button_input: Res<ButtonInput<MouseButton>>,
    key_input: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    mut toggle_cursor_grab: Local<bool>,
    mut mouse_cursor_grab: Local<bool>,
    mut query: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut CameraController), With<Camera>>,
) {
    let dt = time.delta_seconds();

    if let Ok((mut transform, mut controller)) = query.get_single_mut() {
        if !controller.initialized {
            let (yaw, pitch, _roll) = transform.rotation.to_euler(EulerRot::YXZ);
            controller.yaw = yaw;
            controller.pitch = pitch;
            controller.initialized = true;
            info!("{}", *controller);
        }
        if !controller.enabled {
            mouse_events.clear();
            return;
        }

        let mut scroll = 0.0;
        for scroll_event in scroll_events.read() {
            let amount = match scroll_event.unit {
                MouseScrollUnit::Line => scroll_event.y,
                MouseScrollUnit::Pixel => scroll_event.y / 16.0,
            };
            scroll += amount;
        }
        controller.walk_speed += scroll * controller.scroll_factor * controller.walk_speed;
        controller.run_speed = controller.walk_speed * 3.0;

        // Handle key input
        let mut axis_input = Vec3::ZERO;
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_forward) {
            axis_input.z += 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_back) {
            axis_input.z -= 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_right) {
            axis_input.x += 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_left) {
            axis_input.x -= 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_up) {
            axis_input.y += 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_down) {
            axis_input.y -= 1.0;
        }

        let mut cursor_grab_change = false;
        if key_input.just_pressed(controller.keyboard_key_toggle_cursor_grab) {
            *toggle_cursor_grab = !*toggle_cursor_grab;
            cursor_grab_change = true;
        }
        if mouse_button_input.just_pressed(controller.mouse_key_cursor_grab) {
            *mouse_cursor_grab = true;
            cursor_grab_change = true;
        }
        if mouse_button_input.just_released(controller.mouse_key_cursor_grab) {
            *mouse_cursor_grab = false;
            cursor_grab_change = true;
        }
        let cursor_grab = *mouse_cursor_grab || *toggle_cursor_grab;

        // Apply movement update
        if axis_input != Vec3::ZERO {
            let max_speed = if key_input.pressed(controller.key_run) {
                controller.run_speed
            } else {
                controller.walk_speed
            };
            controller.velocity = axis_input.normalize() * max_speed;
        } else {
            let friction = controller.friction.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
            controller.velocity *= 1.0 - friction;
            if controller.velocity.length_squared() < 1e-6 {
                controller.velocity = Vec3::ZERO;
            }
        }
        let forward = *transform.forward();
        let right = *transform.right();
        transform.translation += controller.velocity.x * dt * right
            + controller.velocity.y * dt * Vec3::Y
            + controller.velocity.z * dt * forward;

        // Handle cursor grab
        if cursor_grab_change {
            if cursor_grab {
                for mut window in &mut windows {
                    if !window.focused {
                        continue;
                    }

                    window.cursor.grab_mode = CursorGrabMode::Locked;
                    window.cursor.visible = false;
                }
            } else {
                for mut window in &mut windows {
                    window.cursor.grab_mode = CursorGrabMode::None;
                    window.cursor.visible = true;
                }
            }
        }

        // Handle mouse input
        let mut mouse_delta = Vec2::ZERO;
        if cursor_grab {
            for mouse_event in mouse_events.read() {
                mouse_delta += mouse_event.delta;
            }
        } else {
            mouse_events.clear();
        }

        if mouse_delta != Vec2::ZERO {
            // Apply look update
            controller.pitch = (controller.pitch
                - mouse_delta.y * RADIANS_PER_DOT * controller.sensitivity)
                .clamp(-PI / 2., PI / 2.);
            controller.yaw -= mouse_delta.x * RADIANS_PER_DOT * controller.sensitivity;
            transform.rotation =
                Quat::from_euler(EulerRot::ZYX, 0.0, controller.yaw, controller.pitch);
        }
    }
}

pub fn length_recip(self) -> f32

Computes 1.0 / length().

For valid results, self must not be of length zero.

pub fn distance(self, rhs: Vec3) -> f32

Computes the Euclidean distance between two points in space.

pub fn distance_squared(self, rhs: Vec3) -> f32

Compute the squared euclidean distance between two points in space.

pub fn div_euclid(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns the element-wise quotient of [Euclidean division] of self by rhs.

pub fn rem_euclid(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns the element-wise remainder of Euclidean division of self by rhs.

pub fn normalize(self) -> Vec3

Returns self normalized to length 1.0.

For valid results, self must not be of length zero, nor very close to zero.

Panics

Will panic if self is zero length when glam_assert is enabled.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/ecs/state.rs (line 151)

fn movement(
    time: Res<Time>,
    input: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    mut query: Query<&mut Transform, With<Sprite>>,
) {
    for mut transform in &mut query {
        let mut direction = Vec3::ZERO;
        if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowLeft) {
            direction.x -= 1.0;
        }
        if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowRight) {
            direction.x += 1.0;
        }
        if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowUp) {
            direction.y += 1.0;
        }
        if input.pressed(KeyCode::ArrowDown) {
            direction.y -= 1.0;
        }

        if direction != Vec3::ZERO {
            transform.translation += direction.normalize() * SPEED * time.delta_seconds();
        }
    }
}

More examples

Hide additional examples

examples/3d/irradiance_volumes.rs (line 505)

fn handle_mouse_clicks(
    buttons: Res<ButtonInput<MouseButton>>,
    windows: Query<&Window, With<PrimaryWindow>>,
    cameras: Query<(&Camera, &GlobalTransform)>,
    mut main_objects: Query<&mut Transform, With<MainObject>>,
) {
    if !buttons.pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
        return;
    }
    let Some(mouse_position) = windows
        .iter()
        .next()
        .and_then(|window| window.cursor_position())
    else {
        return;
    };
    let Some((camera, camera_transform)) = cameras.iter().next() else {
        return;
    };

    // Figure out where the user clicked on the plane.
    let Some(ray) = camera.viewport_to_world(camera_transform, mouse_position) else {
        return;
    };
    let Some(ray_distance) = ray.intersect_plane(Vec3::ZERO, InfinitePlane3d::new(Vec3::Y)) else {
        return;
    };
    let plane_intersection = ray.origin + ray.direction.normalize() * ray_distance;

    // Move all the main objeccts.
    for mut transform in main_objects.iter_mut() {
        transform.translation = vec3(
            plane_intersection.x,
            transform.translation.y,
            plane_intersection.z,
        );
    }
}

examples/gizmos/3d_gizmos.rs (line 124)

fn draw_example_collection(
    mut gizmos: Gizmos,
    mut my_gizmos: Gizmos<MyRoundGizmos>,
    time: Res<Time>,
) {
    gizmos.grid(
        Vec3::ZERO,
        Quat::from_rotation_x(PI / 2.),
        UVec2::splat(20),
        Vec2::new(2., 2.),
        // Light gray
        LinearRgba::gray(0.65),
    );

    gizmos.cuboid(
        Transform::from_translation(Vec3::Y * 0.5).with_scale(Vec3::splat(1.25)),
        BLACK,
    );
    gizmos.rect(
        Vec3::new(time.elapsed_seconds().cos() * 2.5, 1., 0.),
        Quat::from_rotation_y(PI / 2.),
        Vec2::splat(2.),
        LIME,
    );

    my_gizmos.sphere(Vec3::new(1., 0.5, 0.), Quat::IDENTITY, 0.5, RED);

    for y in [0., 0.5, 1.] {
        gizmos.ray(
            Vec3::new(1., y, 0.),
            Vec3::new(-3., (time.elapsed_seconds() * 3.).sin(), 0.),
            BLUE,
        );
    }

    my_gizmos
        .arc_3d(
            180.0_f32.to_radians(),
            0.2,
            Vec3::ONE,
            Quat::from_rotation_arc(Vec3::Y, Vec3::ONE.normalize()),
            ORANGE,
        )
        .segments(10);

    // Circles have 32 line-segments by default.
    my_gizmos.circle(Vec3::ZERO, Dir3::Y, 3., BLACK);
    // You may want to increase this for larger circles or spheres.
    my_gizmos
        .circle(Vec3::ZERO, Dir3::Y, 3.1, NAVY)
        .segments(64);
    my_gizmos
        .sphere(Vec3::ZERO, Quat::IDENTITY, 3.2, BLACK)
        .circle_segments(64);

    gizmos.arrow(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::ONE * 1.5, YELLOW);

    // You can create more complex arrows using the arrow builder.
    gizmos
        .arrow(Vec3::new(2., 0., 2.), Vec3::new(2., 2., 2.), ORANGE_RED)
        .with_double_end()
        .with_tip_length(0.5);
}

examples/ecs/iter_combinations.rs (line 60)

fn generate_bodies(
    time: Res<Time<Fixed>>,
    mut commands: Commands,
    mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
    mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
    let mesh = meshes.add(Sphere::new(1.0).mesh().ico(3).unwrap());

    let color_range = 0.5..1.0;
    let vel_range = -0.5..0.5;

    // We're seeding the PRNG here to make this example deterministic for testing purposes.
    // This isn't strictly required in practical use unless you need your app to be deterministic.
    let mut rng = ChaCha8Rng::seed_from_u64(19878367467713);
    for _ in 0..NUM_BODIES {
        let radius: f32 = rng.gen_range(0.1..0.7);
        let mass_value = radius.powi(3) * 10.;

        let position = Vec3::new(
            rng.gen_range(-1.0..1.0),
            rng.gen_range(-1.0..1.0),
            rng.gen_range(-1.0..1.0),
        )
        .normalize()
            * rng.gen_range(0.2f32..1.0).cbrt()
            * 15.;

        commands.spawn(BodyBundle {
            pbr: PbrBundle {
                transform: Transform {
                    translation: position,
                    scale: Vec3::splat(radius),
                    ..default()
                },
                mesh: mesh.clone(),
                material: materials.add(Color::srgb(
                    rng.gen_range(color_range.clone()),
                    rng.gen_range(color_range.clone()),
                    rng.gen_range(color_range.clone()),
                )),
                ..default()
            },
            mass: Mass(mass_value),
            acceleration: Acceleration(Vec3::ZERO),
            last_pos: LastPos(
                position
                    - Vec3::new(
                        rng.gen_range(vel_range.clone()),
                        rng.gen_range(vel_range.clone()),
                        rng.gen_range(vel_range.clone()),
                    ) * time.timestep().as_secs_f32(),
            ),
        });
    }

    // add bigger "star" body in the center
    let star_radius = 1.;
    commands
        .spawn((
            BodyBundle {
                pbr: PbrBundle {
                    transform: Transform::from_scale(Vec3::splat(star_radius)),
                    mesh: meshes.add(Sphere::new(1.0).mesh().ico(5).unwrap()),
                    material: materials.add(StandardMaterial {
                        base_color: ORANGE_RED.into(),
                        emissive: (LinearRgba::from(ORANGE_RED) * 18.).into(),
                        ..default()
                    }),
                    ..default()
                },
                mass: Mass(500.0),
                ..default()
            },
            Star,
        ))
        .with_children(|p| {
            p.spawn(PointLightBundle {
                point_light: PointLight {
                    color: Color::WHITE,
                    range: 100.0,
                    radius: star_radius,
                    ..default()
                },
                ..default()
            });
        });
    commands.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
        transform: Transform::from_xyz(0.0, 10.5, -30.0).looking_at(Vec3::ZERO, Vec3::Y),
        ..default()
    });
}

examples/tools/scene_viewer/../../helpers/camera_controller.rs (line 181)

fn run_camera_controller(
    time: Res<Time>,
    mut windows: Query<&mut Window>,
    mut mouse_events: EventReader<MouseMotion>,
    mut scroll_events: EventReader<MouseWheel>,
    mouse_button_input: Res<ButtonInput<MouseButton>>,
    key_input: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
    mut toggle_cursor_grab: Local<bool>,
    mut mouse_cursor_grab: Local<bool>,
    mut query: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut CameraController), With<Camera>>,
) {
    let dt = time.delta_seconds();

    if let Ok((mut transform, mut controller)) = query.get_single_mut() {
        if !controller.initialized {
            let (yaw, pitch, _roll) = transform.rotation.to_euler(EulerRot::YXZ);
            controller.yaw = yaw;
            controller.pitch = pitch;
            controller.initialized = true;
            info!("{}", *controller);
        }
        if !controller.enabled {
            mouse_events.clear();
            return;
        }

        let mut scroll = 0.0;
        for scroll_event in scroll_events.read() {
            let amount = match scroll_event.unit {
                MouseScrollUnit::Line => scroll_event.y,
                MouseScrollUnit::Pixel => scroll_event.y / 16.0,
            };
            scroll += amount;
        }
        controller.walk_speed += scroll * controller.scroll_factor * controller.walk_speed;
        controller.run_speed = controller.walk_speed * 3.0;

        // Handle key input
        let mut axis_input = Vec3::ZERO;
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_forward) {
            axis_input.z += 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_back) {
            axis_input.z -= 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_right) {
            axis_input.x += 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_left) {
            axis_input.x -= 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_up) {
            axis_input.y += 1.0;
        }
        if key_input.pressed(controller.key_down) {
            axis_input.y -= 1.0;
        }

        let mut cursor_grab_change = false;
        if key_input.just_pressed(controller.keyboard_key_toggle_cursor_grab) {
            *toggle_cursor_grab = !*toggle_cursor_grab;
            cursor_grab_change = true;
        }
        if mouse_button_input.just_pressed(controller.mouse_key_cursor_grab) {
            *mouse_cursor_grab = true;
            cursor_grab_change = true;
        }
        if mouse_button_input.just_released(controller.mouse_key_cursor_grab) {
            *mouse_cursor_grab = false;
            cursor_grab_change = true;
        }
        let cursor_grab = *mouse_cursor_grab || *toggle_cursor_grab;

        // Apply movement update
        if axis_input != Vec3::ZERO {
            let max_speed = if key_input.pressed(controller.key_run) {
                controller.run_speed
            } else {
                controller.walk_speed
            };
            controller.velocity = axis_input.normalize() * max_speed;
        } else {
            let friction = controller.friction.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
            controller.velocity *= 1.0 - friction;
            if controller.velocity.length_squared() < 1e-6 {
                controller.velocity = Vec3::ZERO;
            }
        }
        let forward = *transform.forward();
        let right = *transform.right();
        transform.translation += controller.velocity.x * dt * right
            + controller.velocity.y * dt * Vec3::Y
            + controller.velocity.z * dt * forward;

        // Handle cursor grab
        if cursor_grab_change {
            if cursor_grab {
                for mut window in &mut windows {
                    if !window.focused {
                        continue;
                    }

                    window.cursor.grab_mode = CursorGrabMode::Locked;
                    window.cursor.visible = false;
                }
            } else {
                for mut window in &mut windows {
                    window.cursor.grab_mode = CursorGrabMode::None;
                    window.cursor.visible = true;
                }
            }
        }

        // Handle mouse input
        let mut mouse_delta = Vec2::ZERO;
        if cursor_grab {
            for mouse_event in mouse_events.read() {
                mouse_delta += mouse_event.delta;
            }
        } else {
            mouse_events.clear();
        }

        if mouse_delta != Vec2::ZERO {
            // Apply look update
            controller.pitch = (controller.pitch
                - mouse_delta.y * RADIANS_PER_DOT * controller.sensitivity)
                .clamp(-PI / 2., PI / 2.);
            controller.yaw -= mouse_delta.x * RADIANS_PER_DOT * controller.sensitivity;
            transform.rotation =
                Quat::from_euler(EulerRot::ZYX, 0.0, controller.yaw, controller.pitch);
        }
    }
}

pub fn try_normalize(self) -> Option<Vec3>

Returns self normalized to length 1.0 if possible, else returns None.

In particular, if the input is zero (or very close to zero), or non-finite, the result of this operation will be None.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/math/render_primitives.rs (line 588)

fn rotate_primitive_3d_meshes(
    mut primitives_3d: Query<
        (&mut Transform, &ViewVisibility),
        (With<PrimitiveData>, With<MeshDim3>),
    >,
    time: Res<Time>,
) {
    let rotation_3d = Quat::from_rotation_arc(
        Vec3::Z,
        Vec3::new(
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().cos(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin() * 0.5,
        )
        .try_normalize()
        .unwrap_or(Vec3::Z),
    );
    primitives_3d
        .iter_mut()
        .filter(|(_, vis)| vis.get())
        .for_each(|(mut transform, _)| {
            transform.rotation = rotation_3d;
        });
}

fn draw_gizmos_3d(mut gizmos: Gizmos, state: Res<State<PrimitiveSelected>>, time: Res<Time>) {
    const POSITION: Vec3 = Vec3::new(LEFT_RIGHT_OFFSET_3D, 0.0, 0.0);
    let rotation = Quat::from_rotation_arc(
        Vec3::Z,
        Vec3::new(
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().cos(),
            time.elapsed_seconds().sin() * 0.5,
        )
        .try_normalize()
        .unwrap_or(Vec3::Z),
    );
    let color = Color::WHITE;
    let segments = 10;

    match state.get() {
        PrimitiveSelected::RectangleAndCuboid => {
            gizmos.primitive_3d(CUBOID, POSITION, rotation, color);
        }
        PrimitiveSelected::CircleAndSphere => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(SPHERE, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::Ellipse => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Triangle => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Plane => drop(gizmos.primitive_3d(PLANE_3D, POSITION, rotation, color)),
        PrimitiveSelected::Line => gizmos.primitive_3d(LINE3D, POSITION, rotation, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Segment => gizmos.primitive_3d(SEGMENT_3D, POSITION, rotation, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Polyline => gizmos.primitive_3d(POLYLINE_3D, POSITION, rotation, color),
        PrimitiveSelected::Polygon => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::RegularPolygon => {}
        PrimitiveSelected::Capsule => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(CAPSULE_3D, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::Cylinder => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(CYLINDER, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::Cone => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(CONE, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .segments(segments),
        ),
        PrimitiveSelected::ConicalFrustum => {
            gizmos.primitive_3d(CONICAL_FRUSTUM, POSITION, rotation, color);
        }

        PrimitiveSelected::Torus => drop(
            gizmos
                .primitive_3d(TORUS, POSITION, rotation, color)
                .minor_segments(segments)
                .major_segments(segments),
        ),
    }
}

pub fn normalize_or_zero(self) -> Vec3

Returns self normalized to length 1.0 if possible, else returns zero.

In particular, if the input is zero (or very close to zero), or non-finite, the result of this operation will be zero.

pub fn is_normalized(self) -> bool

Returns whether self is length 1.0 or not.

Uses a precision threshold of 1e-6.

pub fn project_onto(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns the vector projection of self onto rhs.

rhs must be of non-zero length.

§Panics

Will panic if rhs is zero length when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn reject_from(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns the vector rejection of self from rhs.

The vector rejection is the vector perpendicular to the projection of self onto rhs, in rhs words the result of self - self.project_onto(rhs).

rhs must be of non-zero length.

§Panics

Will panic if rhs has a length of zero when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn project_onto_normalized(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns the vector projection of self onto rhs.

rhs must be normalized.

§Panics

Will panic if rhs is not normalized when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn reject_from_normalized(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Returns the vector rejection of self from rhs.

The vector rejection is the vector perpendicular to the projection of self onto rhs, in rhs words the result of self - self.project_onto(rhs).

rhs must be normalized.

§Panics

Will panic if rhs is not normalized when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn round(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the nearest integer to a number for each element of self. Round half-way cases away from 0.0.

pub fn floor(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the largest integer less than or equal to a number for each element of self.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/transforms/scale.rs (line 76)

fn change_scale_direction(mut cubes: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut Scaling)>) {
    for (mut transform, mut cube) in &mut cubes {
        // If an entity scaled beyond the maximum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is flipped so the scaling is gradually reverted.
        // Additionally, to ensure the condition does not trigger again we floor the elements to
        // their next full value, which should be max_element_size at max.
        if transform.scale.max_element() > cube.max_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.floor();
        }
        // If an entity scaled beyond the minimum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is also flipped.
        // Additionally the Values are ceiled to be min_element_size at least
        // and the scale direction is flipped.
        // This way the entity will change the dimension in which it is scaled any time it
        // reaches its min_element_size.
        if transform.scale.min_element() < cube.min_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.ceil();
            cube.scale_direction = cube.scale_direction.zxy();
        }
    }
}

pub fn ceil(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number for each element of self.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/transforms/scale.rs (line 86)

fn change_scale_direction(mut cubes: Query<(&mut Transform, &mut Scaling)>) {
    for (mut transform, mut cube) in &mut cubes {
        // If an entity scaled beyond the maximum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is flipped so the scaling is gradually reverted.
        // Additionally, to ensure the condition does not trigger again we floor the elements to
        // their next full value, which should be max_element_size at max.
        if transform.scale.max_element() > cube.max_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.floor();
        }
        // If an entity scaled beyond the minimum of its size in any dimension
        // the scaling vector is also flipped.
        // Additionally the Values are ceiled to be min_element_size at least
        // and the scale direction is flipped.
        // This way the entity will change the dimension in which it is scaled any time it
        // reaches its min_element_size.
        if transform.scale.min_element() < cube.min_element_size {
            cube.scale_direction *= -1.0;
            transform.scale = transform.scale.ceil();
            cube.scale_direction = cube.scale_direction.zxy();
        }
    }
}

pub fn trunc(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the integer part each element of self. This means numbers are always truncated towards zero.

pub fn fract(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the fractional part of the vector, e.g. self - self.floor().

Note that this is fast but not precise for large numbers.

pub fn exp(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing e^self (the exponential function) for each element of self.

pub fn powf(self, n: f32) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing each element of self raised to the power of n.

pub fn recip(self) -> Vec3

Returns a vector containing the reciprocal 1.0/n of each element of self.

pub fn lerp(self, rhs: Vec3, s: f32) -> Vec3

Performs a linear interpolation between self and rhs based on the value s.

When s is 0.0, the result will be equal to self. When s is 1.0, the result will be equal to rhs. When s is outside of range [0, 1], the result is linearly extrapolated.

Examples found in repository ?

examples/gizmos/axes.rs (line 219)

fn interpolate_transforms(t1: Transform, t2: Transform, t: f32) -> Transform {
    let translation = t1.translation.lerp(t2.translation, t);
    let rotation = t1.rotation.slerp(t2.rotation, t);
    let scale = elerp(t1.scale, t2.scale, t);

    Transform {
        translation,
        rotation,
        scale,
    }
}

More examples

Hide additional examples

examples/3d/parallax_mapping.rs (line 195)

fn move_camera(
    mut camera: Query<&mut Transform, With<CameraController>>,
    mut current_view: Local<usize>,
    button: Res<ButtonInput<MouseButton>>,
) {
    let mut camera = camera.single_mut();
    if button.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
        *current_view = (*current_view + 1) % CAMERA_POSITIONS.len();
    }
    let target = CAMERA_POSITIONS[*current_view];
    camera.translation = camera.translation.lerp(target.translation, 0.2);
    camera.rotation = camera.rotation.slerp(target.rotation, 0.2);
}

examples/games/alien_cake_addict.rs (line 286)

fn focus_camera(
    time: Res<Time>,
    mut game: ResMut<Game>,
    mut transforms: ParamSet<(Query<&mut Transform, With<Camera3d>>, Query<&Transform>)>,
) {
    const SPEED: f32 = 2.0;
    // if there is both a player and a bonus, target the mid-point of them
    if let (Some(player_entity), Some(bonus_entity)) = (game.player.entity, game.bonus.entity) {
        let transform_query = transforms.p1();
        if let (Ok(player_transform), Ok(bonus_transform)) = (
            transform_query.get(player_entity),
            transform_query.get(bonus_entity),
        ) {
            game.camera_should_focus = player_transform
                .translation
                .lerp(bonus_transform.translation, 0.5);
        }
        // otherwise, if there is only a player, target the player
    } else if let Some(player_entity) = game.player.entity {
        if let Ok(player_transform) = transforms.p1().get(player_entity) {
            game.camera_should_focus = player_transform.translation;
        }
        // otherwise, target the middle
    } else {
        game.camera_should_focus = Vec3::from(RESET_FOCUS);
    }
    // calculate the camera motion based on the difference between where the camera is looking
    // and where it should be looking; the greater the distance, the faster the motion;
    // smooth out the camera movement using the frame time
    let mut camera_motion = game.camera_should_focus - game.camera_is_focus;
    if camera_motion.length() > 0.2 {
        camera_motion *= SPEED * time.delta_seconds();
        // set the new camera's actual focus
        game.camera_is_focus += camera_motion;
    }
    // look at that new camera's actual focus
    for mut transform in transforms.p0().iter_mut() {
        *transform = transform.looking_at(game.camera_is_focus, Vec3::Y);
    }
}

pub fn abs_diff_eq(self, rhs: Vec3, max_abs_diff: f32) -> bool

Returns true if the absolute difference of all elements between self and rhs is less than or equal to max_abs_diff.

This can be used to compare if two vectors contain similar elements. It works best when comparing with a known value. The max_abs_diff that should be used used depends on the values being compared against.

For more see comparing floating point numbers.

pub fn clamp_length(self, min: f32, max: f32) -> Vec3

Returns a vector with a length no less than min and no more than max

§Panics

Will panic if min is greater than max when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn clamp_length_max(self, max: f32) -> Vec3

Returns a vector with a length no more than max

pub fn clamp_length_min(self, min: f32) -> Vec3

Returns a vector with a length no less than min

pub fn mul_add(self, a: Vec3, b: Vec3) -> Vec3

Fused multiply-add. Computes (self * a) + b element-wise with only one rounding error, yielding a more accurate result than an unfused multiply-add.

Using mul_add may be more performant than an unfused multiply-add if the target architecture has a dedicated fma CPU instruction. However, this is not always true, and will be heavily dependant on designing algorithms with specific target hardware in mind.

pub fn angle_between(self, rhs: Vec3) -> f32

Returns the angle (in radians) between two vectors.

The inputs do not need to be unit vectors however they must be non-zero.

pub fn any_orthogonal_vector(&self) -> Vec3

Returns some vector that is orthogonal to the given one.

The input vector must be finite and non-zero.

The output vector is not necessarily unit length. For that use Self::any_orthonormal_vector() instead.

pub fn any_orthonormal_vector(&self) -> Vec3

Returns any unit vector that is orthogonal to the given one.

The input vector must be unit length.

§Panics

Will panic if self is not normalized when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn any_orthonormal_pair(&self) -> (Vec3, Vec3)

Given a unit vector return two other vectors that together form an orthonormal basis. That is, all three vectors are orthogonal to each other and are normalized.

§Panics

Will panic if self is not normalized when glam_assert is enabled.

pub fn as_dvec3(&self) -> DVec3

Casts all elements of self to f64.

pub fn as_i16vec3(&self) -> I16Vec3

Casts all elements of self to i16.

pub fn as_u16vec3(&self) -> U16Vec3

Casts all elements of self to u16.

pub fn as_ivec3(&self) -> IVec3

Casts all elements of self to i32.

pub fn as_uvec3(&self) -> UVec3

Casts all elements of self to u32.

pub fn as_i64vec3(&self) -> I64Vec3

Casts all elements of self to i64.

pub fn as_u64vec3(&self) -> U64Vec3

Casts all elements of self to u64.

Trait Implementations§

impl Add<Vec3> for f32

type Output = Vec3

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl Add<f32> for Vec3

type Output = Vec3

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: f32) -> Vec3

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl Add for Vec3

type Output = Vec3

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl AddAssign<f32> for Vec3

fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: f32)

Performs the += operation. Read more

impl AddAssign for Vec3

fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Vec3)

Performs the += operation. Read more

impl Animatable for Vec3

fn interpolate(a: &Vec3, b: &Vec3, t: f32) -> Vec3

Interpolates between a and b with a interpolation factor of time. Read more

fn blend(inputs: impl Iterator<Item = BlendInput<Vec3>>) -> Vec3

Blends one or more values together. Read more

fn post_process(&mut self, _world: &World)

Post-processes the value using resources in the World. Most animatable types do not need to implement this.

impl AsMut<[f32; 3]> for Vec3

Available on non-target_arch="spirv" only.

fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [f32; 3]

Converts this type into a mutable reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsMutVectorParts<f32, 3> for Vec3
where Vec3: AsMut<[f32; 3]>, f32: VectorScalar,

fn as_mut_parts(&mut self) -> &mut [f32; 3]

impl AsRef<[f32; 3]> for Vec3

Available on non-target_arch="spirv" only.

fn as_ref(&self) -> &[f32; 3]

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRefVectorParts<f32, 3> for Vec3
where Vec3: AsRef<[f32; 3]>, f32: VectorScalar,

fn as_ref_parts(&self) -> &[f32; 3]

impl Clone for Vec3

fn clone(&self) -> Vec3

Returns a copy of the value. Read more

1.0.0 · source§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

impl CreateFrom for Vec3
where Vec3: FromVectorParts<f32, 3>, f32: VectorScalar + CreateFrom,

fn create_from(reader: &mut Reader) -> Vec3
where B: BufferRef,

impl Debug for Vec3

Available on non-target_arch="spirv" only.

fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

impl Default for Vec3

fn default() -> Vec3

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Vec3

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D ) -> Result<Vec3, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>
where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer. Read more

impl Display for Vec3

Available on non-target_arch="spirv" only.

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

impl Div<Vec3> for f32

type Output = Vec3

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl Div<f32> for Vec3

type Output = Vec3

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: f32) -> Vec3

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl Div for Vec3

type Output = Vec3

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: Vec3) -> Vec3

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl DivAssign<f32> for Vec3

fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: f32)

Performs the /= operation. Read more

impl DivAssign for Vec3

fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: Vec3)

Performs the /= operation. Read more